HISTORY OF BRITANNIA, THE UK
Britannia is a Greek-Latin word, personified to an island female, adopted for geographical region inhabited by the Briton tribes.
Prehistory and Antiquity :
The oldest evidence of human presence in Britain dates from the Clactonian. Artifacts as hand axes from the early and midden paleolithic um are only found in the south of England. Northern occupation traces have been lost through several ice ages. After each ice age, sea level was to be lower than the time before, with the result that Britain in cold times were freely accessible overland from continental Europe. There was at that time also talk of a complex of related cultures of eastern England until far into the Baltic region.
Ca. 6000 BC. England was finally separated from the continent of Europe when the last land bridge under flooded in the southern North Sea. The first farmers came from Brittany and southwest France the southwest of England and within a few centuries, peasant settlements also spread into the corners of all the islands.
Since 2500 BC. found the Beaker Culture in the British Isles and from earlier periods strains many significant monuments as stone circles, flint mines, quarries and megalithic monuments, including the world famous Stonehenge.
In the Bronze Age, there was a rich resource industry and there was pressure adhered with peoples to the Mediterranean Sea. Also in our country, there were trade relations, witnessed the source finds from the Dutch-Belgian Hilversum culture. Mostly from the Iron Age tribes around farmsteads, a type of house its own for Britain. Typical of that time on the hills were built 'hill-forts', centers for the many small tribes from which society was divided at that time. In the late Iron Age forts were surrounded by ramparts, which one could better defend against attackers. From about 500 BC. British residents of southern England were displaced by Celtic tribes of Gaul. The last were the Belgae, which around 100 BC. Channel exaggerated and settled in southern England.
Britannia and the Romans :
About a century later Britain, until then called to Albion, conquered by the Romans, who called the island turn Britannia (later Britannia).
After two previous attempts had failed, it was on the orders of the Roman emperor Claudius from AD 43. an expeditionary force dispatched to southern Britannia conquered. Among the first governor Aulus Plautius the Britannia province was appointed, surrounded by numerous vassal states. Despite strong opposition was from 77 to 84 Wales and conquered part of Scotland, but soon had to be abandoned part of the conquests in the north. To protect the Roman territory at the northern Picts and Scots, boundary lines were appointed
( 'limes'), the Hadrian's Wall is the best known.
By Emperor Septimius Severus, the Britannia province was divided into the western Britannia Inferior and the eastern Britannia Superior.
Emperor Honorius were removed at 401-402 Roman garrisons, under threat of the Visigoths, from Britannia and Britannia, 407 was finally abandoned by the Romans. In 410, the same king informed the Britanniërs that Rome could no longer help them against the constant attacks of the Picts and Scots in the north. Also, from the east marched during the 5th century various nations towards Britannia, such as Germanic Angles, Frisians, and Saxons. They gradually insisted to the West and many Britanniërs fled to Brittany and Normandy (Armorica) on the mainland.
Anglo :
The so-called Anglo-Saxon peoples settled throughout Britain: the Saxons in southern England, the Jutes in the far southeast and along the English Channel and the Angles throughout northern and central England. A few Celtic kingdoms were able to maintain themselves in the West. When these people are very well established, of course, had started the struggle for hegemony between the many small kingdoms, of which Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia, and Northumbria were the most important. Late 6th century the predominance belonged to Kent and from the end of the 6th century to the late 7th century Northumbria. At that time also began the conversion of the Anglo-Saxon peoples at the initiative of Pope Gregory the Great. In 679, the hegemony of Northumbria passed to the kingdom of Mercia Aethelred, which was very powerful throughout the 8th century and include stopped the encroaching Celts in the west.
Vikings :
Early 9th century Wessex kingdom became more and more powerful but had increasingly suffered attacks from Scandinavia by the Vikings and Danes. Under King Alfred the Great (870-899), the Vikings conquered all of East Anglia and the East Midlands. Alfred knew to preserve the independence of Wessex in 886 and closed an agreement with the Danish king Guthrum, which was ceded to a fixed part of England that became known as the 'Danelaw'. The kings who came after Alfred the Great knew their sphere of influence slowly expand to Northumbria.
Under King Edgar (959-975) decreased the Viking raids and knew the Old English kingdom to recover. The Anglo-Saxons and Scandinavians merged gradually into a single nation. By the end of the 10th century England was again attacked by the Danes and in 1016 the Danish king Cnut the Great became the king of all England.
However, the occupation of the Danes did not last long and in 1042, the dynasty of Wessex came to King Edward the Confessor (1042-1066) returned to power. He died in 1066, after which the power of England was contested between Harold, son of Godwin of Wessex, Duke William of Normandy and King Harald III of Norway. A council of wise men, "Witan", ruled that Harold of Wessex would be king and he was also crowned. He was immediately attacked from Norway, but would eventually be defeated by William of Normandy, the "Conqueror" in the Battle of Hastings on October 14, 1066. Harold was killed and the kingdom of Wessex was no more.
Normans :
These developments England and Normandy were from 1066 to 1204 through a personal union linked. A major drawback for England was that they became unwittingly involved in wars and conflict on the continent of Europe. The English were not here to serve and broke a number of uprisings which, however, were suppressed by William the Conqueror. Farmers in England felt the oppression as the most faithful were ruled by William the Conqueror. In 1087, William was succeeded by his son, William II Rufus. He ruled until 1100, after which he was succeeded in turn by Robert III, the eldest son of William the Conqueror and his successor in Normandy. This Robert was attacked in 1106 and defeated by his younger brother Henry, king of England since 1100. England and Normandy under one king were now reunited. Henry tried to link his daughter Matlida I to someone so that he could follow him if needed. In 1135 it was ready, Henry died, but his cousin, Stephen of Blois, on the throne demanded. Matlida I tried to claim her right to the throne, but the result was a real civil war. Some areas were totally destroyed and in 1148 Matlida I gave up the fight. But in 1153, Stephen was forced to acknowledge Matlida I's son Henry Plantagenet successor.
Plantagenet period (1154-1399) :
Henry II ascended the throne in 1154 and tried to restore order and meanwhile expanded his power in Ireland, Scotland and Wales. He was succeeded by Richard the Lionheart, who reigned until 1199 but most of the time spent with battles against the Saracens, and also led the third Crusade.
Lionheart was succeeded by his younger brother, John Lackland, which lost Normandy and other parts of France final to the French.
Jan died in 1216 and was succeeded by his nine-year-old son Henry III, as regent Hubert de Burgh. Under Henry III, the English monarchy was reinstated and placed on a higher level by Edward I, which annexed include Wales and was a true reformer in terms of governance. In 1295, the so-called "Model Parliament 'first came together and it was an important milestone in the constitutional history of England.
Edward, I was succeeded by his son Edward II, under whom everything was lost achieved. Thus prevailed early 14th-century anarchy between the king and the opposition barons. By a defeat at Bannockburn in 1314 was also passed by the British influence in Scotland.
Under the reign of Edward III the raging Hundred Years War between England and France, and was further expanded the power of the parliament. Trade and industry became increasingly important to the economy of England, but this positive development was cruelly interrupted by the plague that broke out in 1348 and disrupted the country. There was still on top of the war with France at the expense of the economy, which in turn led to internal turmoil, and Edward pushed aside by his own son Gannet. This led under Richard II (1377-1399) and initially very powerful Gannet in 1381 to the great English peasant revolt.
Only in 1389 Richard took matters wholly owned and in 1397 he even conducted a sort of coup which brought him a lot of power. This despotic regime was abolished by Henry Bolingbroke, son of John of Gaunt, in 1399 when Henry IV himself was king, legalized by parliament. He ruled until 1413 and argued constantly war with France, as well as his successor Henry V. After the great victory over the French at Agincourt in 1415 Normandy was retaken and he followed the French King Charles VI on. Henry was succeeded arid his son Henry VI was terminated under whose reign the Hundred Years War, but inside the so-called Pink Wars broke out, the battle for power between the Houses of Lancaster and York. Only in 1471 the last Lancasters were defeated and grabbed Edward IV, the first king of the House of York power. After the death of Edward opened the guardian of Edward V, brother Richard, in 1483 a power grab. In 1485 Richard was overthrown by Henry Tudor, Henry VII became king, and put an end to the Wars of the Roses between Lancaster and York.
Tudor house :
During the reign of the House of Tudor England underwent many changes in religious, economic and political spheres. By 1500, the country had about 3 million people in a predominantly agrarian society. The towns were still quite modest in size and there was a strong assimilation between 'gentry' and merchants stand.
Under Henry VIII took place in 1534 the 'first' English Reformation, the break with the Church of Rome. The overall anti-papist population in England was certainly not against Protestantism and won from that time more and more ground in spite of Henry VIII opposition.
In this time also completed the dissolution of the powerful monasteries, so much land was redistributed and passed into the hands of laymen. The farmers, however, benefited little here and peasant revolts were also common.
The long reign of Elizabeth I (1558-1603) was the last of the Tudor period and confirmed the definitive English reform through the establishment of the Anglican Church. Under her reign, Britain achieved an enormous economic and cultural prosperity and played in international politics a very important role.
Stuart and Civil War :
On the death of Elizabeth in 1603 died the Tudor dynasty, and it was succeeded by the king of Scotland (James VI of Scotland), James I Stuart. Under his reign arose serious problems of religious, financial and political nature under Charles I (1625-1649) culminated in the English Civil War (1642-1645), in which the British statesman and strict puritan Oliver Cromwell came out victorious. Cromwell victory over the king, who was additionally executed, brought to England a military dictatorship after a battle between the army and parliament. After the beheading of the king, he acted ruthlessly against the Catholic Irish and the Presbyterian Scots who recognized Charles II as king, united England, Scotland and Ireland and ruled as Lord Protector 'virtually no parliament. After the dictatorship of Cromwell (Interregnum) followed the restoration of the House of Stuart and the individual parliaments were for England, Scotland and Ireland repaired and restored Anglicanism as the state religion.
Restoration and Glorious Revolution :
After the reign of Charles II (1660-1685) emerged as a result of the succession issue called Tories and Whigs. The Tories supported the Catholic James by inheritance legitimate heir of the brother of Charles II. The Whigs were the exclusion of Catholics.
The reign of James II (1685-1688) was short-lived. He tried very strikingly to favor the Catholics, giving opposition from both the Tories and the Whigs. They sought support from William III of Holland, who was married to James's daughter Mary. Through this way, they wanted to save Protestantism and freedom from England. On November 5, 1688, William landed (called by the English William) in England and James fled to France. This palace revolution gave the Bill of Rights in 1689 on laws that strengthen parliament meant, and the Act of Settlement of 1701, which guaranteed the Protestant succession. This was finally done with absolutism in England.
William was succeeded in 1702 by his sister Anne (1702-1714). Her reign was confiscated by the Spanish Succession War and the struggle between the Tories and the Whigs. In 1707 were by the Act of Union of England and Scotland united into a kingdom with one parliament.
The second half of the seventeenth century meant England Financial, colonial and commercial expansion. This was characterized by the establishment of the Bank of England in 1694 and the London Stock Exchange in 1698. In India and Noord_amerika were the first settlements established, which later became of vital importance.
Home Hanover :
In 1714, George I ascended the first king of the House of Hanover to the British throne and was succeeded by his son George II (1727-1760). Until about 1760, the Whigs dominated domestic politics, then the Tories came to power. The actual power in the domestic and foreign policy was in the hands of Robert Walpole, who sought peace and increasing prosperity. Yet the UK (i.p.v England) failed to remain outside the European wars; they took part include the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War.
In 1760, George III was king and the Treaty of Paris were Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton Island and some West Indian islands to Britain increasing. It also got the supremacy in India.
Of huge significance to world history was the American War of Independence (1775-1783), in which the American colonies fought themselves free from Britain. Of great significance was the Industrial Revolution, mainly made at the beginning of the nineteenth century for a turnaround in the global economic history.
Although the French Revolution initially garnered admiration in Britain, broke on February 1, 1793, the Franco-British war. In 1802, Britain signed with France Peace of Amiens, but then renewed hostilities in 1803. England won the final peace include the Cape Colony, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), Malta and the Ionian Islands in Greece.
19th century :
In the 19th century, Britain reached the peak of its political and economic power. The slave trade was abolished in 1807, slavery until 1833. After George IV (1820-1830) and William IV (1830-1837) was Queen Victoria in the House of Hanover to power. The great exploitation of the working class had already led to the establishment of workers' organizations and in the second half of this century, the political and economic liberalism to great fulfillment. Since the sixties only were the conservatives and the liberals and political forces opposed. The foreign policy was dominated by the Crimean War and the response to Italian and German politics led to a policy of intervention and expansion of the British empire. The second half of the 19th century was almost entirely dominated by the conservative Liberal Disraeli and Gladstone.
In 1884, almost all adult males were eligible to vote in the second Ministry of Disraeli 1874-1880) and was there he started with the imperialist policy of Britain. Late 19th century was founded several political workers parties, which united in 1906 to the Labour Party. Early 20th century, the British Empire reached the zenith of its power and ruled over large parts of Africa, Asia, and North America.
20th century :
In 1901, Queen Victoria was succeeded by Edward VII of the House of Saxe-Coburg and from 1905 to 1915 ruled the Liberal premiers, Campbell-Bannerman, and Asquith. Forced Britain chose in 1904 the side of France by the Entente Cordiale, and knew other powers in Europe to keep a distance with regard to the hegemony in the world.
In 1915 Britain was dragged into World War I and in 1916 entered a coalition government instead of a war cabinet headed by Lloyd George. Remarkably, the then King George V (1910-1936) already gave up his German titles and changed the name of Saxe-Coburg in Windsor. During the First World War completed the independence of Ireland.
After the war Britain for allowing serious political issues and performed by major domestic social unrest in the 20s and 30s the first Labour cabinet on. In the late 30s, the global economic crisis drove all the political forces together (cabinets MacDonald, Stanley and Chamberlain) in an ultimate attempt to somewhat restore the heavily damaged economy.
Although recovery was hardly put into motion when Fascist Italy and National Socialist Germany Great Britain pushed into a corner. First, they experienced a real crisis with King Edward VIII was succeeded by his brother George VI (1936-1952). On the external one was virtually rudderless and one closed in 1938 even an agreement with Hitler's Germany, which turned out to be worthless. Despite almost desperate attempts at mediation also hit Britain engaged in World War II. When Hitler invaded Poland, Britain replied with France on September 3, 1939, with a declaration of war against Germany. In May 1940, Winston Churchill formed a coalition government and took charge of the war itself.
In continental Europe, Asia and Africa went the fight initially dramatically and lost thousands of British soldiers lives. Nevertheless, Britain continued to maintain under the guidance of his great political and military leaders Winston Churchill and General Montgomery. Finally managed the Allies, including in particular to defeat the United States in May 1945 in Germany.
After the second World War :
The first elections after the war were glorious won by Labour, led by Attlee. Health, traffic orphans, and mines were nationalized. It was in those first years after the war started with the decolonization policy, with Britain, among others withdrew from India and Burma.
In 1951, the Conservatives came back to the government and remained that until October 1963, respectively, under the leadership of successive Churchill, Anthony Eden, and Harold Macmillan. In 1952, George VI was succeeded by his daughter Elizabeth II.
Prehistory and Antiquity :
The oldest evidence of human presence in Britain dates from the Clactonian. Artifacts as hand axes from the early and midden paleolithic um are only found in the south of England. Northern occupation traces have been lost through several ice ages. After each ice age, sea level was to be lower than the time before, with the result that Britain in cold times were freely accessible overland from continental Europe. There was at that time also talk of a complex of related cultures of eastern England until far into the Baltic region.
Ca. 6000 BC. England was finally separated from the continent of Europe when the last land bridge under flooded in the southern North Sea. The first farmers came from Brittany and southwest France the southwest of England and within a few centuries, peasant settlements also spread into the corners of all the islands.
Since 2500 BC. found the Beaker Culture in the British Isles and from earlier periods strains many significant monuments as stone circles, flint mines, quarries and megalithic monuments, including the world famous Stonehenge.
In the Bronze Age, there was a rich resource industry and there was pressure adhered with peoples to the Mediterranean Sea. Also in our country, there were trade relations, witnessed the source finds from the Dutch-Belgian Hilversum culture. Mostly from the Iron Age tribes around farmsteads, a type of house its own for Britain. Typical of that time on the hills were built 'hill-forts', centers for the many small tribes from which society was divided at that time. In the late Iron Age forts were surrounded by ramparts, which one could better defend against attackers. From about 500 BC. British residents of southern England were displaced by Celtic tribes of Gaul. The last were the Belgae, which around 100 BC. Channel exaggerated and settled in southern England.
About a century later Britain, until then called to Albion, conquered by the Romans, who called the island turn Britannia (later Britannia).
After two previous attempts had failed, it was on the orders of the Roman emperor Claudius from AD 43. an expeditionary force dispatched to southern Britannia conquered. Among the first governor Aulus Plautius the Britannia province was appointed, surrounded by numerous vassal states. Despite strong opposition was from 77 to 84 Wales and conquered part of Scotland, but soon had to be abandoned part of the conquests in the north. To protect the Roman territory at the northern Picts and Scots, boundary lines were appointed
( 'limes'), the Hadrian's Wall is the best known.
By Emperor Septimius Severus, the Britannia province was divided into the western Britannia Inferior and the eastern Britannia Superior.
Emperor Honorius were removed at 401-402 Roman garrisons, under threat of the Visigoths, from Britannia and Britannia, 407 was finally abandoned by the Romans. In 410, the same king informed the Britanniërs that Rome could no longer help them against the constant attacks of the Picts and Scots in the north. Also, from the east marched during the 5th century various nations towards Britannia, such as Germanic Angles, Frisians, and Saxons. They gradually insisted to the West and many Britanniërs fled to Brittany and Normandy (Armorica) on the mainland.
Anglo :
The so-called Anglo-Saxon peoples settled throughout Britain: the Saxons in southern England, the Jutes in the far southeast and along the English Channel and the Angles throughout northern and central England. A few Celtic kingdoms were able to maintain themselves in the West. When these people are very well established, of course, had started the struggle for hegemony between the many small kingdoms, of which Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, East Anglia, Mercia, and Northumbria were the most important. Late 6th century the predominance belonged to Kent and from the end of the 6th century to the late 7th century Northumbria. At that time also began the conversion of the Anglo-Saxon peoples at the initiative of Pope Gregory the Great. In 679, the hegemony of Northumbria passed to the kingdom of Mercia Aethelred, which was very powerful throughout the 8th century and include stopped the encroaching Celts in the west.
Vikings :
Early 9th century Wessex kingdom became more and more powerful but had increasingly suffered attacks from Scandinavia by the Vikings and Danes. Under King Alfred the Great (870-899), the Vikings conquered all of East Anglia and the East Midlands. Alfred knew to preserve the independence of Wessex in 886 and closed an agreement with the Danish king Guthrum, which was ceded to a fixed part of England that became known as the 'Danelaw'. The kings who came after Alfred the Great knew their sphere of influence slowly expand to Northumbria.
Under King Edgar (959-975) decreased the Viking raids and knew the Old English kingdom to recover. The Anglo-Saxons and Scandinavians merged gradually into a single nation. By the end of the 10th century England was again attacked by the Danes and in 1016 the Danish king Cnut the Great became the king of all England.
However, the occupation of the Danes did not last long and in 1042, the dynasty of Wessex came to King Edward the Confessor (1042-1066) returned to power. He died in 1066, after which the power of England was contested between Harold, son of Godwin of Wessex, Duke William of Normandy and King Harald III of Norway. A council of wise men, "Witan", ruled that Harold of Wessex would be king and he was also crowned. He was immediately attacked from Norway, but would eventually be defeated by William of Normandy, the "Conqueror" in the Battle of Hastings on October 14, 1066. Harold was killed and the kingdom of Wessex was no more.
Normans :
These developments England and Normandy were from 1066 to 1204 through a personal union linked. A major drawback for England was that they became unwittingly involved in wars and conflict on the continent of Europe. The English were not here to serve and broke a number of uprisings which, however, were suppressed by William the Conqueror. Farmers in England felt the oppression as the most faithful were ruled by William the Conqueror. In 1087, William was succeeded by his son, William II Rufus. He ruled until 1100, after which he was succeeded in turn by Robert III, the eldest son of William the Conqueror and his successor in Normandy. This Robert was attacked in 1106 and defeated by his younger brother Henry, king of England since 1100. England and Normandy under one king were now reunited. Henry tried to link his daughter Matlida I to someone so that he could follow him if needed. In 1135 it was ready, Henry died, but his cousin, Stephen of Blois, on the throne demanded. Matlida I tried to claim her right to the throne, but the result was a real civil war. Some areas were totally destroyed and in 1148 Matlida I gave up the fight. But in 1153, Stephen was forced to acknowledge Matlida I's son Henry Plantagenet successor.
Plantagenet period (1154-1399) :
Henry II ascended the throne in 1154 and tried to restore order and meanwhile expanded his power in Ireland, Scotland and Wales. He was succeeded by Richard the Lionheart, who reigned until 1199 but most of the time spent with battles against the Saracens, and also led the third Crusade.
Lionheart was succeeded by his younger brother, John Lackland, which lost Normandy and other parts of France final to the French.
Jan died in 1216 and was succeeded by his nine-year-old son Henry III, as regent Hubert de Burgh. Under Henry III, the English monarchy was reinstated and placed on a higher level by Edward I, which annexed include Wales and was a true reformer in terms of governance. In 1295, the so-called "Model Parliament 'first came together and it was an important milestone in the constitutional history of England.
Edward, I was succeeded by his son Edward II, under whom everything was lost achieved. Thus prevailed early 14th-century anarchy between the king and the opposition barons. By a defeat at Bannockburn in 1314 was also passed by the British influence in Scotland.
Under the reign of Edward III the raging Hundred Years War between England and France, and was further expanded the power of the parliament. Trade and industry became increasingly important to the economy of England, but this positive development was cruelly interrupted by the plague that broke out in 1348 and disrupted the country. There was still on top of the war with France at the expense of the economy, which in turn led to internal turmoil, and Edward pushed aside by his own son Gannet. This led under Richard II (1377-1399) and initially very powerful Gannet in 1381 to the great English peasant revolt.
Only in 1389 Richard took matters wholly owned and in 1397 he even conducted a sort of coup which brought him a lot of power. This despotic regime was abolished by Henry Bolingbroke, son of John of Gaunt, in 1399 when Henry IV himself was king, legalized by parliament. He ruled until 1413 and argued constantly war with France, as well as his successor Henry V. After the great victory over the French at Agincourt in 1415 Normandy was retaken and he followed the French King Charles VI on. Henry was succeeded arid his son Henry VI was terminated under whose reign the Hundred Years War, but inside the so-called Pink Wars broke out, the battle for power between the Houses of Lancaster and York. Only in 1471 the last Lancasters were defeated and grabbed Edward IV, the first king of the House of York power. After the death of Edward opened the guardian of Edward V, brother Richard, in 1483 a power grab. In 1485 Richard was overthrown by Henry Tudor, Henry VII became king, and put an end to the Wars of the Roses between Lancaster and York.
Tudor house :
During the reign of the House of Tudor England underwent many changes in religious, economic and political spheres. By 1500, the country had about 3 million people in a predominantly agrarian society. The towns were still quite modest in size and there was a strong assimilation between 'gentry' and merchants stand.
Under Henry VIII took place in 1534 the 'first' English Reformation, the break with the Church of Rome. The overall anti-papist population in England was certainly not against Protestantism and won from that time more and more ground in spite of Henry VIII opposition.
In this time also completed the dissolution of the powerful monasteries, so much land was redistributed and passed into the hands of laymen. The farmers, however, benefited little here and peasant revolts were also common.
The long reign of Elizabeth I (1558-1603) was the last of the Tudor period and confirmed the definitive English reform through the establishment of the Anglican Church. Under her reign, Britain achieved an enormous economic and cultural prosperity and played in international politics a very important role.
Stuart and Civil War :
On the death of Elizabeth in 1603 died the Tudor dynasty, and it was succeeded by the king of Scotland (James VI of Scotland), James I Stuart. Under his reign arose serious problems of religious, financial and political nature under Charles I (1625-1649) culminated in the English Civil War (1642-1645), in which the British statesman and strict puritan Oliver Cromwell came out victorious. Cromwell victory over the king, who was additionally executed, brought to England a military dictatorship after a battle between the army and parliament. After the beheading of the king, he acted ruthlessly against the Catholic Irish and the Presbyterian Scots who recognized Charles II as king, united England, Scotland and Ireland and ruled as Lord Protector 'virtually no parliament. After the dictatorship of Cromwell (Interregnum) followed the restoration of the House of Stuart and the individual parliaments were for England, Scotland and Ireland repaired and restored Anglicanism as the state religion.
Restoration and Glorious Revolution :
After the reign of Charles II (1660-1685) emerged as a result of the succession issue called Tories and Whigs. The Tories supported the Catholic James by inheritance legitimate heir of the brother of Charles II. The Whigs were the exclusion of Catholics.
The reign of James II (1685-1688) was short-lived. He tried very strikingly to favor the Catholics, giving opposition from both the Tories and the Whigs. They sought support from William III of Holland, who was married to James's daughter Mary. Through this way, they wanted to save Protestantism and freedom from England. On November 5, 1688, William landed (called by the English William) in England and James fled to France. This palace revolution gave the Bill of Rights in 1689 on laws that strengthen parliament meant, and the Act of Settlement of 1701, which guaranteed the Protestant succession. This was finally done with absolutism in England.
William was succeeded in 1702 by his sister Anne (1702-1714). Her reign was confiscated by the Spanish Succession War and the struggle between the Tories and the Whigs. In 1707 were by the Act of Union of England and Scotland united into a kingdom with one parliament.
The second half of the seventeenth century meant England Financial, colonial and commercial expansion. This was characterized by the establishment of the Bank of England in 1694 and the London Stock Exchange in 1698. In India and Noord_amerika were the first settlements established, which later became of vital importance.
Home Hanover :
In 1714, George I ascended the first king of the House of Hanover to the British throne and was succeeded by his son George II (1727-1760). Until about 1760, the Whigs dominated domestic politics, then the Tories came to power. The actual power in the domestic and foreign policy was in the hands of Robert Walpole, who sought peace and increasing prosperity. Yet the UK (i.p.v England) failed to remain outside the European wars; they took part include the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War.
In 1760, George III was king and the Treaty of Paris were Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton Island and some West Indian islands to Britain increasing. It also got the supremacy in India.
Of huge significance to world history was the American War of Independence (1775-1783), in which the American colonies fought themselves free from Britain. Of great significance was the Industrial Revolution, mainly made at the beginning of the nineteenth century for a turnaround in the global economic history.
Although the French Revolution initially garnered admiration in Britain, broke on February 1, 1793, the Franco-British war. In 1802, Britain signed with France Peace of Amiens, but then renewed hostilities in 1803. England won the final peace include the Cape Colony, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), Malta and the Ionian Islands in Greece.
19th century :
In the 19th century, Britain reached the peak of its political and economic power. The slave trade was abolished in 1807, slavery until 1833. After George IV (1820-1830) and William IV (1830-1837) was Queen Victoria in the House of Hanover to power. The great exploitation of the working class had already led to the establishment of workers' organizations and in the second half of this century, the political and economic liberalism to great fulfillment. Since the sixties only were the conservatives and the liberals and political forces opposed. The foreign policy was dominated by the Crimean War and the response to Italian and German politics led to a policy of intervention and expansion of the British empire. The second half of the 19th century was almost entirely dominated by the conservative Liberal Disraeli and Gladstone.
In 1884, almost all adult males were eligible to vote in the second Ministry of Disraeli 1874-1880) and was there he started with the imperialist policy of Britain. Late 19th century was founded several political workers parties, which united in 1906 to the Labour Party. Early 20th century, the British Empire reached the zenith of its power and ruled over large parts of Africa, Asia, and North America.
20th century :
In 1901, Queen Victoria was succeeded by Edward VII of the House of Saxe-Coburg and from 1905 to 1915 ruled the Liberal premiers, Campbell-Bannerman, and Asquith. Forced Britain chose in 1904 the side of France by the Entente Cordiale, and knew other powers in Europe to keep a distance with regard to the hegemony in the world.
In 1915 Britain was dragged into World War I and in 1916 entered a coalition government instead of a war cabinet headed by Lloyd George. Remarkably, the then King George V (1910-1936) already gave up his German titles and changed the name of Saxe-Coburg in Windsor. During the First World War completed the independence of Ireland.
After the war Britain for allowing serious political issues and performed by major domestic social unrest in the 20s and 30s the first Labour cabinet on. In the late 30s, the global economic crisis drove all the political forces together (cabinets MacDonald, Stanley and Chamberlain) in an ultimate attempt to somewhat restore the heavily damaged economy.
Although recovery was hardly put into motion when Fascist Italy and National Socialist Germany Great Britain pushed into a corner. First, they experienced a real crisis with King Edward VIII was succeeded by his brother George VI (1936-1952). On the external one was virtually rudderless and one closed in 1938 even an agreement with Hitler's Germany, which turned out to be worthless. Despite almost desperate attempts at mediation also hit Britain engaged in World War II. When Hitler invaded Poland, Britain replied with France on September 3, 1939, with a declaration of war against Germany. In May 1940, Winston Churchill formed a coalition government and took charge of the war itself.
In continental Europe, Asia and Africa went the fight initially dramatically and lost thousands of British soldiers lives. Nevertheless, Britain continued to maintain under the guidance of his great political and military leaders Winston Churchill and General Montgomery. Finally managed the Allies, including in particular to defeat the United States in May 1945 in Germany.
After the second World War :
The first elections after the war were glorious won by Labour, led by Attlee. Health, traffic orphans, and mines were nationalized. It was in those first years after the war started with the decolonization policy, with Britain, among others withdrew from India and Burma.
In 1951, the Conservatives came back to the government and remained that until October 1963, respectively, under the leadership of successive Churchill, Anthony Eden, and Harold Macmillan. In 1952, George VI was succeeded by his daughter Elizabeth II.
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