HISTORY OF INDIA
The Aryan kingdoms were between 327 and 324 BC attacked by Alexander the Great. However, he suddenly pulled back, where Chandragupta, the founder of the Maurya dynasty, benefited. With a huge army he conquered northern India and parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan; only southern India managed to resist him. Not until 274 BC. managed Ashoka, the grandson of Chandragupta, to conquer the south. This battle went against the Kalinga and cost tens of thousands of civilians and soldiers living. Shocked by this massacre Ashoka converted to Buddhism and also led to the spread of this religion to the neighboring countries.
After his death the great cultural empire of Ashoka in decline. In 185 BC. the last ruler of the Maurya dynasty was slain and the empire disintegrated into warring fiefdoms together.
India's second important kingdom was Kushanas, which had its heyday in the 1st century BC. to the 3rd century AD. It included Central Asia and Northern India and extended to Varanasi and Vaishali in Bhopal. The capitals were Peshawar (now in Pakistan) and Mathura. The greatest leader was the Buddhist convert Kanishka.
Gupta's Pallava and Chola Dynasty: The Classical Period
In the period, 320-544 North India became a political unity and flourished the culture. During this so-called Gupta-period lived Hinduism at the expense of Buddhism. The Gupta empire collapsed after 470 by raids of Huns from Persia and Turkey and fell apart into different realms. To the south was the struggle between different Dravidian dynasties. The Pallawa's dominated large parts of the south from the capital Kanchipuram, and in the 7th century and 8th century, the empire of the Pallawa at its peak.
Around 850, the empire was conquered by the Chola Dynasty, of which Raja I in 985 to the throne. Under his reign, and that of Kulottunga I, the area of the Chola Dynasty expanded to the north of Ceylon, Malaysia and parts of Sumatra. From 1150 came the decline in and around 1250 became the Chola Empire annexed by the Pandya's.
Islamists attack northern India :
In 712 A.D, Muhammad Bin Qasim an Arabic young Muslim General of 17 years of Ummayad Caliphate entered in Sindh to save the newly converted Muslims who were prisoned by Raja Dahir when they were leaving to perform their Haj. He defeated the Raja Dahir and conquered Sindh up to Multan. That was the advent of Islam at this idols worshipping land.
The north was from the beginning of the 11th century attacked by Muslims in Afghanistan and in 1192 were the many kingdoms in Muslim hands of Sultan Mehmood Ghaznavi and Sultan Shahab ud Din Muhammad Ghauri cases.
After his death, he was succeeded by the General and former slave Qutb-ud-din Aibak, the Sultan of Delhi. This slave dynasty would govern until 1526 the sultanate of Delhi, that most of North India covered. Among the Tughluq dynasty continued the decline of the Sultanate of Delhi, and the area was conquered in 1398 by the ruthless conqueror Timur the Lame (Timur-Lenk), the 'scourge of God'.
In the south, Islam did not really ground under our feet and the Hindu kingdom of Vijayanagar had an extraordinary flowering period of 1350-1550.
The empire of the Moghuls :
The Delhi sultanate was conquered in 1526 by Babur derived from Turkestan. In the battle of Panipat was the last sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodi, records, and also the resisting warrior people of the Rajpoeten was defeated by Babur. At that time Babur was the founder and first emperor of the Mughal Empire. This empire became increasingly powerful in 1707, India brought more political unity, and made for a great revival of various art forms.
Babur's son Hoemayoen was still defeated in 1540 by the Afghan ruler Shah Sjer, but after his death in 1554 Hoemayoen returned. Hoemayoen was succeeded by his 13-year-old son Akbar, who did amazingly well, and in addition a good soldier was also a lover of art. Early 17th century he controlled the whole of northern India, headed by his regent Bairam Khan. His empire was governed by rulers and local princes, and they prostrated themselves, retaining their rights and sometimes even got higher positions. So Akbar ensured unity in his empire and even religious differences were tolerated. He even founded a new religion: Divine Faith, more or less a blend of all the essential elements of Hinduism, Islam and Christianity.
Akbar was succeeded by his son Jehangir that would govern until 1627. Jehangir was in that year succeeded by Shah Jahan, which further expanded the empire and encouraged trade and economy. And he made in honor of his deceased wife, the beautiful Taj Mahal.
In 1658, Shah Jahan was deposed by his son Aurengzeb. Under him, the Mughal Empire reached its greatest extent, because even were conquered large parts of southern India. However, religious freedom was under Aurengzeb a halt and there followed a period of Islamization to persecute infidels and demolishing Hindu temples. Rajpoeten and Mara Then, both Hindu nations resist violently, and with an outbreak of a succession struggle and the growing influence of Europe, the Mogul empire collapsed slowly into each other.
European influences are expanding :
The sea route to India via the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa meanwhile was found in 1498 by the explorer Vasco da Gama. In the same year, he landed on the southwest coast of India in Calicut, Kerala. After Goa was conquered in 1510, the Portuguese until the 17th century, managed to maintain a monopoly of trade in this region.
The other major maritime nations dropped their eyes on India. The Dutch founded trading posts in South India and the French had from 1672 different trading colonies in Pondicherry. The most power and influence was the English East India Company, with trading posts in Surat (1612), Chennai (1640), Mumbai (1688) and Calcutta (1690). Both the French and English companies of all kept themselves busy with trade and did not interfere with internal affairs.
The problems between the great powers France and England in Europe around 1750 changed the situation in India thoroughly. Self-interest was now in front and the struggle between France and Britain reached in the Battle of the climax of Plassey in Bengal (1757). The British defeated a huge army of Bengal which was supported by the French.
British supremacy :
One hundred years later, was about 60% of Indian territory under direct British control. The rest of the country was ruled by local princes and maharajas which real or were forced to acknowledge the sovereignty of the British.
In 1857 the Sepoy rebellion broke out, the 'Mutiny', the first major uprising against the British rulers. The Sepoys, soldiers from the Indian regiments of the British colonial army, were dissatisfied with British rule and were supported by deposed Hindu princes and members of the mogoldynastie. The uprising was very harshly beaten down and the government in Britain responded by entrust the administration in 1858 of a governor-general, who was given the title of viceroy 'Raj'. When Queen Victoria was Empress of India and the East India Company was completely finished. In the same year the last mogolkoning was deposed, Bahadur Shah II, and thus came to a definitive end to the Mughal Empire.
India now was part of the British Empire, with a viceroy as the main driver; the Indians were subjects of Queen Victoria. From 1840 to 1914, India was the main trading partner of the British and the country got a fairly large degree of autonomy. In 1877, Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India.
The Indian elite developed a political consciousness in the second half of the 19th century and began to rebel against the British colonial rulers. They also demanded more influence in government. All this was followed by the establishment of the Indian National Congress, which insisted on greater influence of population on the governance of the country, for both Hindus and Muslims in 1885. Soon there was a radical movement in Congress who do not recoiled from violence. In 1906, Muslims broke away and founded the All India Muslim League of Muslim League. The drifting apart of the Hindus and the Muslims seemed to be a good development for the British colonial policy.
By supporting the British during World War I hoped to be the Indians after the war an independent Commonwealth country. This endeavor was cruelly suppressed on April 13, 1919, when killed during a demonstration in Amritsar (Punjab) British unprovoked 379 protesters and further there were more than 1,200 wounded.
Gandhi and Nehru :
By this unfortunate action of the British fanned nationalism further, led by the charismatic Mohandas Karamchand (Mahatma) Gandhi. After studying law in England and staying in South Africa, he returned to India in 1915.
He quickly gained a leading position in the independence movement began in 1920 with a major campaign for 'svaraj or self-government. The campaign was characterized by violent actions, which were therefore very difficult to combat by the British. They decided to arrest Gandhi and he was sentenced to six years in prison, but because of his poor health, he was already released back in 1924.
In 1930 Gandhi was by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the president of the Congress, was appointed as leader of a new campaign against the salt monopoly of the government. In 1931, Gandhi took on behalf of the Congress participated in a round table conference in London on the future of his country. This conference produced the "Government of India Act on nothing more than a mere palliative.
In World War II, wanted a majority of Congress to support the British in exchange for independence after the war. The British refused to go into this after the Congress campaign 'Quit India' began, which, however, only resulted in the arrest of the leader of this action.
Independent India, Pakistan secede :
After the war, the British nevertheless concludes that colonial status to India was no longer tenable. However, the transfer of sovereignty did not go as smoothly as the antagonism between Hindus and Muslims. The Congress was dominated at that time by Hindus who were for an independent state for all Indians. The Muslim League led by Jinnah wanted a separate Muslim state, Pakistan. In 1946 the country was divided into two states, India and Pakistan. The handover took place on August 15, 1947 (Indian Independence Act), and from then on were Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan two independent states. They were both well at the Commonwealth and Lord Mountbatten acted as Governor-General on behalf of Great Britain on. Prime Minister of India was Congress leader Nehru. Independence was the signal for large population movements. Pakistan was overrun by Muslim refugees from India and Hindus from Pakistan. Problems occurred mainly in the Indian state of Punjab and the Pakistani Bengal. Eventually, millions of refugees clashed with each other and mutually counted about killing half a million.
At that time there were in India about 500 principalities that joined India or Pakistan and kept in a high degree of independence. One problem was caused by uncertainty of the Hindu king of predominantly Muslim Kashmir. Pakistan hold military and by the Indian response, there was an India-Pakistan war in 1948. The United Nations intervened and arranged a truce, but the Kashmir issue would be until today govern the relationship between India and Pakistan. On January 10, 1948 there was a shock the world when Gandhi was assassinated. On June 21, 1948 Mountbatten resigned. On January 26, 1950 was proclaimed the republic in New Delhi and adopted the constitution.
In the fifties, Nehru's India was a mediator in the Korean conflict and the first Vietnam War (Geneva Conference, 1954) play. Nehru refused a neutral third block 'form, but in the United Nations, India had a major say between 1950 and 1960.
After his death the great cultural empire of Ashoka in decline. In 185 BC. the last ruler of the Maurya dynasty was slain and the empire disintegrated into warring fiefdoms together.
India's second important kingdom was Kushanas, which had its heyday in the 1st century BC. to the 3rd century AD. It included Central Asia and Northern India and extended to Varanasi and Vaishali in Bhopal. The capitals were Peshawar (now in Pakistan) and Mathura. The greatest leader was the Buddhist convert Kanishka.
Gupta's Pallava and Chola Dynasty: The Classical Period
In the period, 320-544 North India became a political unity and flourished the culture. During this so-called Gupta-period lived Hinduism at the expense of Buddhism. The Gupta empire collapsed after 470 by raids of Huns from Persia and Turkey and fell apart into different realms. To the south was the struggle between different Dravidian dynasties. The Pallawa's dominated large parts of the south from the capital Kanchipuram, and in the 7th century and 8th century, the empire of the Pallawa at its peak.
Around 850, the empire was conquered by the Chola Dynasty, of which Raja I in 985 to the throne. Under his reign, and that of Kulottunga I, the area of the Chola Dynasty expanded to the north of Ceylon, Malaysia and parts of Sumatra. From 1150 came the decline in and around 1250 became the Chola Empire annexed by the Pandya's.
Islamists attack northern India :
In 712 A.D, Muhammad Bin Qasim an Arabic young Muslim General of 17 years of Ummayad Caliphate entered in Sindh to save the newly converted Muslims who were prisoned by Raja Dahir when they were leaving to perform their Haj. He defeated the Raja Dahir and conquered Sindh up to Multan. That was the advent of Islam at this idols worshipping land.
The north was from the beginning of the 11th century attacked by Muslims in Afghanistan and in 1192 were the many kingdoms in Muslim hands of Sultan Mehmood Ghaznavi and Sultan Shahab ud Din Muhammad Ghauri cases.
After his death, he was succeeded by the General and former slave Qutb-ud-din Aibak, the Sultan of Delhi. This slave dynasty would govern until 1526 the sultanate of Delhi, that most of North India covered. Among the Tughluq dynasty continued the decline of the Sultanate of Delhi, and the area was conquered in 1398 by the ruthless conqueror Timur the Lame (Timur-Lenk), the 'scourge of God'.
In the south, Islam did not really ground under our feet and the Hindu kingdom of Vijayanagar had an extraordinary flowering period of 1350-1550.
The empire of the Moghuls :
The Delhi sultanate was conquered in 1526 by Babur derived from Turkestan. In the battle of Panipat was the last sultan of Delhi, Ibrahim Lodi, records, and also the resisting warrior people of the Rajpoeten was defeated by Babur. At that time Babur was the founder and first emperor of the Mughal Empire. This empire became increasingly powerful in 1707, India brought more political unity, and made for a great revival of various art forms.
Babur's son Hoemayoen was still defeated in 1540 by the Afghan ruler Shah Sjer, but after his death in 1554 Hoemayoen returned. Hoemayoen was succeeded by his 13-year-old son Akbar, who did amazingly well, and in addition a good soldier was also a lover of art. Early 17th century he controlled the whole of northern India, headed by his regent Bairam Khan. His empire was governed by rulers and local princes, and they prostrated themselves, retaining their rights and sometimes even got higher positions. So Akbar ensured unity in his empire and even religious differences were tolerated. He even founded a new religion: Divine Faith, more or less a blend of all the essential elements of Hinduism, Islam and Christianity.
Akbar was succeeded by his son Jehangir that would govern until 1627. Jehangir was in that year succeeded by Shah Jahan, which further expanded the empire and encouraged trade and economy. And he made in honor of his deceased wife, the beautiful Taj Mahal.
In 1658, Shah Jahan was deposed by his son Aurengzeb. Under him, the Mughal Empire reached its greatest extent, because even were conquered large parts of southern India. However, religious freedom was under Aurengzeb a halt and there followed a period of Islamization to persecute infidels and demolishing Hindu temples. Rajpoeten and Mara Then, both Hindu nations resist violently, and with an outbreak of a succession struggle and the growing influence of Europe, the Mogul empire collapsed slowly into each other.
European influences are expanding :
The sea route to India via the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa meanwhile was found in 1498 by the explorer Vasco da Gama. In the same year, he landed on the southwest coast of India in Calicut, Kerala. After Goa was conquered in 1510, the Portuguese until the 17th century, managed to maintain a monopoly of trade in this region.
The other major maritime nations dropped their eyes on India. The Dutch founded trading posts in South India and the French had from 1672 different trading colonies in Pondicherry. The most power and influence was the English East India Company, with trading posts in Surat (1612), Chennai (1640), Mumbai (1688) and Calcutta (1690). Both the French and English companies of all kept themselves busy with trade and did not interfere with internal affairs.
The problems between the great powers France and England in Europe around 1750 changed the situation in India thoroughly. Self-interest was now in front and the struggle between France and Britain reached in the Battle of the climax of Plassey in Bengal (1757). The British defeated a huge army of Bengal which was supported by the French.
British supremacy :
One hundred years later, was about 60% of Indian territory under direct British control. The rest of the country was ruled by local princes and maharajas which real or were forced to acknowledge the sovereignty of the British.
In 1857 the Sepoy rebellion broke out, the 'Mutiny', the first major uprising against the British rulers. The Sepoys, soldiers from the Indian regiments of the British colonial army, were dissatisfied with British rule and were supported by deposed Hindu princes and members of the mogoldynastie. The uprising was very harshly beaten down and the government in Britain responded by entrust the administration in 1858 of a governor-general, who was given the title of viceroy 'Raj'. When Queen Victoria was Empress of India and the East India Company was completely finished. In the same year the last mogolkoning was deposed, Bahadur Shah II, and thus came to a definitive end to the Mughal Empire.
India now was part of the British Empire, with a viceroy as the main driver; the Indians were subjects of Queen Victoria. From 1840 to 1914, India was the main trading partner of the British and the country got a fairly large degree of autonomy. In 1877, Queen Victoria was proclaimed Empress of India.
The Indian elite developed a political consciousness in the second half of the 19th century and began to rebel against the British colonial rulers. They also demanded more influence in government. All this was followed by the establishment of the Indian National Congress, which insisted on greater influence of population on the governance of the country, for both Hindus and Muslims in 1885. Soon there was a radical movement in Congress who do not recoiled from violence. In 1906, Muslims broke away and founded the All India Muslim League of Muslim League. The drifting apart of the Hindus and the Muslims seemed to be a good development for the British colonial policy.
By supporting the British during World War I hoped to be the Indians after the war an independent Commonwealth country. This endeavor was cruelly suppressed on April 13, 1919, when killed during a demonstration in Amritsar (Punjab) British unprovoked 379 protesters and further there were more than 1,200 wounded.
Gandhi and Nehru :
By this unfortunate action of the British fanned nationalism further, led by the charismatic Mohandas Karamchand (Mahatma) Gandhi. After studying law in England and staying in South Africa, he returned to India in 1915.
He quickly gained a leading position in the independence movement began in 1920 with a major campaign for 'svaraj or self-government. The campaign was characterized by violent actions, which were therefore very difficult to combat by the British. They decided to arrest Gandhi and he was sentenced to six years in prison, but because of his poor health, he was already released back in 1924.
In 1930 Gandhi was by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the president of the Congress, was appointed as leader of a new campaign against the salt monopoly of the government. In 1931, Gandhi took on behalf of the Congress participated in a round table conference in London on the future of his country. This conference produced the "Government of India Act on nothing more than a mere palliative.
In World War II, wanted a majority of Congress to support the British in exchange for independence after the war. The British refused to go into this after the Congress campaign 'Quit India' began, which, however, only resulted in the arrest of the leader of this action.
Independent India, Pakistan secede :
After the war, the British nevertheless concludes that colonial status to India was no longer tenable. However, the transfer of sovereignty did not go as smoothly as the antagonism between Hindus and Muslims. The Congress was dominated at that time by Hindus who were for an independent state for all Indians. The Muslim League led by Jinnah wanted a separate Muslim state, Pakistan. In 1946 the country was divided into two states, India and Pakistan. The handover took place on August 15, 1947 (Indian Independence Act), and from then on were Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan two independent states. They were both well at the Commonwealth and Lord Mountbatten acted as Governor-General on behalf of Great Britain on. Prime Minister of India was Congress leader Nehru. Independence was the signal for large population movements. Pakistan was overrun by Muslim refugees from India and Hindus from Pakistan. Problems occurred mainly in the Indian state of Punjab and the Pakistani Bengal. Eventually, millions of refugees clashed with each other and mutually counted about killing half a million.
At that time there were in India about 500 principalities that joined India or Pakistan and kept in a high degree of independence. One problem was caused by uncertainty of the Hindu king of predominantly Muslim Kashmir. Pakistan hold military and by the Indian response, there was an India-Pakistan war in 1948. The United Nations intervened and arranged a truce, but the Kashmir issue would be until today govern the relationship between India and Pakistan. On January 10, 1948 there was a shock the world when Gandhi was assassinated. On June 21, 1948 Mountbatten resigned. On January 26, 1950 was proclaimed the republic in New Delhi and adopted the constitution.
In the fifties, Nehru's India was a mediator in the Korean conflict and the first Vietnam War (Geneva Conference, 1954) play. Nehru refused a neutral third block 'form, but in the United Nations, India had a major say between 1950 and 1960.
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